What is a Session?
A session refers to an ongoing interaction between a server and a client, involving a series of continuous requests and responses.
Why is Session Maintenance Important in Web Applications?
Since HTTP is a stateless protocol, the server cannot track which client is making a request during continuous interactions. To maintain the conversation state between the server and client, session tracking is essential. For example, in a shopping cart application, as a client adds items, the server must recognize which items belong to which client, requiring session tracking to keep track of the user's actions.
How Can Session Tracking Be Achieved?
To ensure the server can identify the client across multiple requests, the client needs to provide a unique identifier with each request. This can be done using five methods:
- User Authorization
- Hidden Fields
- URL Rewriting
- Cookies
- Session Tracking API
User Authorization:
User authorization involves verifying a user's identity by requiring a username and password. Once authenticated, the session can be maintained based on this user identity.
Hidden Fields:
Hidden fields, such as the following HTML input tag:
can be used to track the session on web pages. These fields don't require any special configuration on either the client or server side. While they are not directly visible to the user, they can be accessed by viewing the page source.
URL Rewriting:
URL rewriting involves adding extra parameters (such as a user ID or session ID) to the URL when a request is made from the client. This method doesn't require special configurations but has a couple of drawbacks:
- The parameters must be tracked throughout the session.
- Care must be taken to avoid conflicts with other application parameters.
Cookies:
Cookies are commonly used to maintain sessions. A cookie consists of a key-value pair of information provided by the server, which is then stored in the client's browser. Each time the client makes a request, the cookie information is sent along with it, allowing the server to easily identify the client.
Disadvantage: The client browser can disable cookies, which would cause the session tracking mechanism to fail.
Session Tracking API:
The Session Tracking API builds on the methods mentioned above, simplifying the session management process for developers. This API leverages underlying technologies to handle session tracking.
For example, in a Java servlet, the container automatically manages session tracking. Developers don’t need to manually handle sessions since the container manages session creation, error handling, and lifecycle.
Each client is mapped to a javax.servlet.http.HttpSession
object, which allows storing and retrieving Java objects throughout the session. The Session Tracking API is ideal for integrating all the above methods and managing session tracking efficiently.